Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development


Por: Mishra A., Zhou B., Rodriguez-Martinez A., Bixby H., Singleton R.K., Carrillo-Larco R.M., Sheffer K.E., Paciorek C.J., Bennett J.E., Lhoste V., Iurilli M.L.C., Di Cesare M., Bentham J., Phelps N.H., Sophiea M.K., Stevens G.A., Danaei G., Cowan M.J., Savin S., Riley L.M., Gregg E.W., Aekplakorn W., Ahmad N.A., Baker J.L., Chirita-Emandi A., Farzadfar F., Fink G., Heinen M., Ikeda N., Kengne A.P., Khang Y.-H., Laatikainen T., Laxmaiah A., Ma J., Monroy-Valle M., Mridha M.K., Padez C.P., Reynolds A., Soric M., Starc G., Wirth J.P., Abarca-Gómez L., Abdeen Z.A., Abdrakhmanova S., Ghaffar S.A., Abdul Rahim H.F., Abdurrahmonova Z., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Garba J.A., Acosta-Cazares B., Adam I., Adamczyk M., Adams R.J., Adu-Afarwuah S., Afsana K., Afzal S., Agbor V.N., Agdeppa I.A., Aghazadeh-Attari J., Aguenaou H., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., Agyemang C., Ahmad M.H., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi N., Ahmed I., Ahmed S.H., Ahrens W., Aitmurzaeva G., Ajlouni K., Al-Hazzaa H.M., Al-Lahou B., Al-Raddadi R., Al Hourani H.M., Al Qaoud N.M., Alarouj M., AlBuhairan F., AlDhukair S., Aldwairji M.A., Alexius S., Ali M.M., Alkandari A., Alkerwi A., Alkhatib B.M., Allin K., Alvarez-Pedrerol M., Aly E., Amarapurkar D.N., Etxezarreta P.A., Amoah J., Amougou N., Amouyel P., Andersen L.B., Anderssen S.A., Androutsos O., Ängquist L., Anjana R.M., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anufrieva E., Aounallah-Skhiri H., Araújo J., Ariansen I., Aris T., Arku R.E., Arlappa N., Aryal K.K., Aseffa N., Aspelund T., Assah F.K., Assembekov B., Assunção M.C.F., Aung M.S., Auvinen J., Avdicová M., Avi S., Azevedo A., Azimi-Nezhad M., Azizi F., Azmin M., Babu B.V., Jørgensen M.B., Baharudin A., Bahijri S., Bakacs M., Balakrishna N., Balanova Y., Bamoshmoosh M., Banach M., Banegas J.R., Baran J., Baran R., Barbagallo C.M., Filho V.B., Barceló A., Baretic M., Barkat A., Barnoya J., Barrera L., Barreto M., Barros A.J.D., Barros M.V.G., Bartosiewicz A., Basit A., Bastos J.L.D., Bata I., Batieha A.M., Batista A.P., Batista R.L., Battakova Z., Baur L.A., Bayauli P.M., Beaglehole R., Bel-Serrat S., Belavendra A., Ben Romdhane H., Benedics J., Benet M., Rolandi G.E.B., Bere E., Bergh I.H., Berhane Y., Berkinbayev S., Bernabe-Ortiz A., Bernotiene G., Carrasola X.B., Bettiol H., Beutel M.E., Beybey A.F., Bezerra J., Bhagyalaxmi A., Bharadwaj S., Bhargava S.K., Bi H., Bi Y., Bia D., Biasch K., Lele E.C.B., Bikbov M.M., Bista B., Bjelica D.J., Bjerregaard A.A., Bjerregaard P., Bjertness E., Bjertness M.B., Björkelund C., Bloch K.V., Blokstra A., Magnazu M.B., Bo S., Bobak M., Boddy L.M., Boehm B.O., Boer J.M.A., Boggia J.G., Bogova E., Boissonnet C.P., Bojesen S.E., Bonaccio M., Bongard V., Bonilla-Vargas A., Bopp M., Borghs H., Bovet P., Boymatova K., Braeckevelt L., Braeckman L., Bragt M.C.E., Brajkovich I., Branca F., Breckenkamp J., Breda J., Brenner H., Brewster L.M., Brian G.R., Briceño Y., Brinduse L., Brito M., Brophy S., Brug J., Bruno G., Bugge A., Buntinx F., Buoncristiano M., Burazeri G., Burns C., de León A.C., Cacciottolo J., Cai H., Caixeta R.B., Cama T., Cameron C., Camolas J., Can G., Cândido A.P.C., Cañete F., Capanzana M.V., Capková N., Capuano E., Capuano R., Capuano V., Cardol M., Cardoso V.C., Carlsson A.C., Carmuega E., Carvalho J., Casajús J.A., Casanueva F.F., Casas M., Celikcan E., Censi L., Cervantes-Loaiza M., Cesar J.A., Chamukuttan S., Chan A., Chan Q., Chaturvedi H.K., Chaturvedi N., Rahim N.C.A., Chee M.L., Chen C.-J., Chen F., Chen H., Chen S., Chen Z., Cheng C.-Y., Cheng Y.J., Cheraghian B., Chetrit A., Chikova-Iscener E., Chinapaw M.J.M., Chinnock A., Chiolero A., Chiou S.-T., Chirlaque M.-D., Cho B., Christensen K., Christofaro D.G., Chudek J., Cifkova R., Cilia M., Cinteza E., Cirillo M., Claessens F., Clarke J., Clays E., Cohen E., Compañ-Gabucio L.-M., Concin H., Confortin S.C., Cooper C., Coppinger T.C., Corpeleijn E., Cortés L.Y., Costanzo S., Cottel D., Cowell C., Craig C.L., Crampin A.C., Cross A.J., Crujeiras A.B., Cruz J.J., Csányi T., Csilla S., Cucu A.M., Cui L., Cureau F.V., Cuschieri S., Czenczek-Lewandowska E., D’Arrigo G., d’Orsi E., Dacica L., Dallongeville J., Damasceno A., Damsgaard C.T., Dankner R., Dantoft T.M., Dasgupta P., Dastgiri S., Dauchet L., Davletov K., de Assis M.A.A., De Backer G., De Bacquer D., De Curtis A., de Fragas Hinnig P., de Gaetano G., De Henauw S., De Miguel-Etayo P., de Oliveira P.D., De Ridder D., De Ridder K., de Rooij S.R., De Smedt D., Deepa M., Deev A.D., DeGennaro V., Jr, Delisle H., Delpeuch F., Demarest S., Dennison E., Deren K., Deschamps V., Dhimal M., Di Castelnuovo A., Dias-da-Costa J.S., Díaz-Sánchez M.E., Diaz A., Fernández P.D., Ripollés M.P.D., Dika Z., Djalalinia S., Djordjic V., Do H.T.P., Dobson A.J., Dominguez L., Donati M.B., Donfrancesco C., Dong G., Dong Y., Donoso S.P., Döring A., Dorobantu M., Dorosty A.R., Doua K., Dragano N., Drygas W., Duan J.L., Duante C.A., Duboz P., Duleva V.L., Dulskiene V., Dumith S.C., Dushpanova A., Dyussupova A., Dzerve V., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E., Echeverría G., Eddie R., Eftekhar E., Egbagbe E.E., Eggertsen R., Eghtesad S., Eiben G., Ekelund U., El-Khateeb M., El Ammari L., El Ati J., Eldemire-Shearer D., Eliasen M., Elliott P., Endevelt R., Engle-Stone R., Erasmus R.T., Erbel R., Erem C., Ergor G., Eriksen L., Eriksson J.G., Escobedo-de la Peña J., Eslami S., Esmaeili A., Evans A., Faeh D., Fakhradiyev I., Fakhretdinova A.A., Fall C.H., Faramarzi E., Farjam M., Sant’Angelo V.F., Fattahi M.R., Fawwad A., Fawzi W.W., Feigl E., Felix-Redondo F.J., Ferguson T.S., Fernandes R.A., Fernández-Bergés D., Ferrante D., Ferrao T., Ferrari G., Ferrari M., Ferrario M.M., Ferreccio C., Ferreira H.S., Ferrer E., Ferrieres J., Figueiró T.H., Fijalkowska A., Fisberg M., Fischer K., Foo L.H., Forsner M., Fouad H.M., Francis D.K., do Carmo Franco M., Fras Z., Frontera G., Fuchs F.D., Fuchs S.C., Fujiati I.I., Fujita Y., Fumihiko M., Furdela V., Furusawa T., Gaciong Z., Gafencu M., Cuesta M.G., Galbarczyk A., Galenkamp H., Galeone D., Galfo M., Galvano F., Gao J., Gao P., Garcia-de-la-Hera M., Mérida M.J.G., Solano M.G., Gareta D., Garnett S.P., Gaspoz J.-M., Gasull M., Gaya A.C.A., Gaya A.R., Gazzinelli A., Gehring U., Geiger H., Geleijnse J.M., George R., Ghaderi E., Ghanbari A., Ghasemi E., Gheorghe-Fronea O.-F., Gialluisi A., Giampaoli S., Gianfagna F., Gieger C., Gill T.K., Giovannelli J., Gironella G., Giwercman A., Gkiouras K., Glushkova N., Gluškova N., Godara R., Godos J., Gogen S., Goldberg M., Goltzman D., Gómez G., Gómez J.H.G., Gomez L.F., Gómez S.F., Gomula A., da Silva B.G.C., Gonçalves H., Gonçalves M., González-Alvarez A.D., Gonzalez-Chica D.A., González-Gil E.M., Gonzalez-Gross M., González-Leon M., González-Rivas J.P., González-Villalpando C., González-Villalpando M.-E., Gonzalez A.R., Gottrand F., Graça A.P., Graff-Iversen S., Grafnetter D., Grajda A., Grammatikopoulou M.G., Gregor R.D., Gregório M.J., Grøholt E.K., Grøntved A., Grosso G., Gruden G., Gu D., Guajardo V., Gualdi-Russo E., Guallar-Castillón P., Gualtieri A., Gudmundsson E.F., Gudnason V., Guerrero R., Guessous I., Guimaraes A.L., Gulliford M.C., Gunnlaugsdottir J., Gunter M.J., Guo X.-H., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gureje O., González E.G., Gutierrez L., Gutzwiller F., Gwee X., Ha S., Hadaegh F., Hadjigeorgiou C.A., Haghshenas R., Hakimi H., Halkjær J., Hambleton I.R., Hamzeh B., Hanekom W.A., Hange D., Hanif A.A.M., Hantunen S., Hao J., Hardman C.M., Kumar R.H., Lassen T.H., Harooni J., Hashemi-Shahri S.M., Hassapidou M., Hata J., Haugsgjerd T., Hayes A.J., He J., He Y., Heidinger-Felso R., Heier M., Hejgaard T., Hendriks M.E., dos Santos Henrique R., Henriques A., Cadena L.H., Herrala S., Herrera-Cuenca M., Herrera V.M., Herter-Aeberli I., Herzig K.-H., Heshmat R., Hill A.G., Ho S.Y., Ho S.C., Hobbs M., Höfelmann D.A., Holdsworth M., Homayounfar R., Homs C., Hopman W.M., Horimoto A.R.V.R., Hormiga C.M., Horta B.L., Houti L., Howitt C., Htay T.T., Htet A.S., Htike M.M.T., Hu Y., Huerta J.M., Huhtaniemi I.T., Huiart L., Petrescu C.H., Huisman M., Husseini A., Huu C.N., Huybrechts I., Hwalla N., Hyska J., Iacoviello L., Iakupova E.M., Ibarluzea J.M., Ibrahim M.M., Wong N.I., Ikram M.A., Iñiguez C., Iotova V., Irazola V.E., Ishida T., Isiguzo G.C., Islam M., Islam S.M.S., Islek D., Ivanova-Pandourska I.Y., Iwasaki M., Jääskeläinen T., Jackson R.T., Jacobs J.M., Jadoul M., Jafar T., Jallow B., James K., Jamil K.M., Jamrozik K., Jansson A., Janszky I., Janus E., Jarani J., Jarvelin M.-R., Jasienska G., Jelakovic A., Jelakovic B., Jennings G., Jiang C.Q., Jimenez R.O., Jöckel K.-H., Joffres M., Jokelainen J.J., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Jørgensen T., Joshi P., Josipovic J., Joukar F., Józwiak J.J., Judge D.S., Juolevi A., Jurak G., Simina I.J., Juresa V., Kaaks R., Kaducu F.O., Kafatos A., Kaj M., Kajantie E.O., Kakutia N., Kállayová D., Kalmatayeva Z., Kalter-Leibovici O., Kameli Y., Kampmann F.B., Kanala K.R., Kannan S., Kapantais E., Karaglani E., Karakosta A., Kårhus L.L., Karki K.B., Katchunga P.B., Katibeh M., Katz J., Katzmarzyk P.T., Kauhanen J., Kaur P., Kavousi M., Kazakbaeva G.M., Kaze F.F., Ke C., Keil U., Boker L.K., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S., Kelishadi R., Kelleher C., Kemper H.C.G., Keramati M., Kerimkulova A., Kersting M., Key T., Khader Y.S., Khaledifar A., Khalili D., Khaw K.-T., Kheiri B., Kheradmand M., Khosravi A., Khouw I.M.S.L., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U., Kiechl S.J., Kiechl S., Killewo J., Kim H.C., Kim J., Kindblom J.M., Kingston A., Klakk H., Klimek M., Klimont J., Klumbiene J., Knoflach M., Koirala B., Kolle E., Kolsteren P., König J., Korpelainen R., Korrovits P., Korzycka M., Kos J., Koskinen S., Kouda K., Kovács É., Kovacs V.A., Kovalskys I., Kowlessur S., Koziel S., Kratenova J., Kratzer W., Kriaucioniene V., Kriemler S., Kristensen P.L., Krizan H., Kroker-Lobos M.F., Krokstad S., Kromhout D., Kruger H.S., Kruger R., Kryst L., Kubinova R., Kuciene R., Kujala U.M., Kujundzic E., Kulaga Z., Kulimbet M., Kumar R.K., Kunešová M., Kurjata P., Kusuma Y.S., Kutsenko V., Kuulasmaa K., Kyobutungi C., La Q.N., Laamiri F.Z., Lachat C., Lackner K.J., Laid Y., Lall L., Lam T.H., Jimenez M.L., Landais E., Lanska V., Lappas G., Larijani B., Larissa S.P., Latt T.S., Laurenzi M., Lauria L., Lazo-Porras M., Le Coroller G., Le Nguyen Bao K., Le Port A., Le T.D., Lee J., Lee P.H., Lehmann N., Lehtimäki T., Lemogoum D., Leskošek B., Leszczak J., Leth-Møller K.B., Leung G.M., Levitt N.S., Li Y., Liivak M., Lilly C.L., Lim C., Lim W.-Y., Lima-Costa M.F., Lin H.-H., Lin X., Lin Y.-T., Lind L., Lingam V., Linkohr B., Linneberg A., Lissner L., Litwin M., Liu J., Liu L., Lo W.-C., Loit H.-M., Long K.Q., Abril G.L., Lopes L., Lopes M.V.V., Lopes O., Lopez-Garcia E., Lopez T., Lotufo P.A., Lozano J.E., Lukrafka J.L., Luksiene D., Lundqvist A., Lunet N., Lunogelo C., Lustigová M., Luszczki E., M’Buyamba-Kabangu J.-R., Ma G., Ma X., Machado-Coelho G.L.L., Machado-Rodrigues A.M., Macia E., Macieira L.M., Madar A.A., Madsen A.L., Maestre G.E., Maggi S., Magliano D.J., Magnacca S., Magriplis E., Mahasampath G., Maire B., Majer M., Makdisse M., Mäki P., Malekzadeh F., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Rao K.M., Malyutina S.K., Maniego L.V., Manios Y., Manix M.I., Mann J.I., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Manyanga T., Manzato E., Marcil A., Margozzini P., Mariño J., Markaki A., Markey O., Ioannidou E.M., Marques-Vidal P., Marques L.P., Marrugat J., Martin-Prevel Y., Martin R., Martorell R., Martos E., Maruszczak K., Marventano S., Masala G., Mascarenhas L.P., Masoodi S.R., Mathiesen E.B., Mathur P., Matijasevich A., Matlosz P., Matsha T.E., Matsudo V., Mavrogianni C., Mazur A., Mbanya J.C.N., McFarlane S.R., McGarvey S.T., McKee M., McLachlan S., McLean R.M., McLean S.B., McNairy M.L., McNulty B.A., Benchekor S.M., Medzioniene J., Mehdipour P., Mehlig K., Mehrparvar A.H., Meirhaeghe A., Meisfjord J., Meisinger C., Melgarejo J.D., Melkumova M., Mello J., Méndez F., Mendivil C.O., Menezes A.M.B., Menon G.R., Mensink G.B.M., Menzano M.T., Meshram I.I., Meto D.T., Mi J., Michaelsen K.F., Michels N., Mikkel K., Milkowska K., Miller J.C., Milushkina O., Minderico C.S., Mini G.K., Miquel J.F., Miranda J.J., Mirjalili M.R., Mirkopoulou D., Mirrakhimov E., Mišigoj-Durakovic M., Mistretta A., Mocanu V., Modesti P.A., Moghaddam S.S., Mohajer B., Mohamed M.K., Mohamed S.F., Mohammad K., Mohammadi M.R., Mohammadi Z., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohan V., Mohanna S., Yusoff M.F.M., Mohebbi I., Mohebi F., Moitry M., Møllehave L.T., Møller N.C., Molnár D., Momenan A., Mondo C.K., Montenegro Mendoza R.A., Monterrubio-Flores E., Monyeki K.D.K., Moon J.S., Moosazadeh M., Mopa H.T., Moradpour F., Moreira L.B., Morejon A., Moreno L.A., Morey F., Morgan K., Morin S.N., Mortensen E.L., Moschonis G., Moslem A., Mossakowska M., Mostafa A., Mostafavi S.-A., Mota-Pinto A., Mota J., Motlagh M.E., Motta J., Moura-dos-Santos M.A., Movsesyan Y., Msyamboza K.P., Mu T.T., Muc M., Muca F., Mugoša B., Muiesan M.L., Müller-Nurasyid M., Münzel T., Mursu J., Murtagh E.M., Musa K.I., Milanovic S.M., Musil V., Musinguzi G., Muyer M.T.M.C., Nabipour I., Naderimagham S., Nagel G., Najafi F., Nakamura H., Nalecz H., Námešná J., Nang E.E.K., Nangia V.B., Nankap M., Narake S., Nardone P., Naseri T., Nauck M.

Publicada: 1 ene 2023
Categoría: Multidisciplinary

Resumen:
Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified. © 2023, The Author(s).

Filiaciones:
Bixby H.:
 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

 University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom

Paciorek C.J.:
 University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States

Di Cesare M.:
 University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom

Bentham J.:
 University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom

Stevens G.A.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Danaei G.:
 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States

Cowan M.J.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Savin S.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Riley L.M.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Aekplakorn W.:
 Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

Ahmad N.A.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Baker J.L.:
 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Chirita-Emandi A.:
 Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania

Farzadfar F.:
 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Fink G.:
 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland

 University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Heinen M.:
 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

Ikeda N.:
 National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan

Kengne A.P.:
 South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

Khang Y.-H.:
 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

Laatikainen T.:
 University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

 Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Laxmaiah A.:
 ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India

Ma J.:
 Peking University, Beijing, China

Monroy-Valle M.:
 Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala

Mridha M.K.:
 BRAC James P. Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Padez C.P.:
 University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Reynolds A.:
 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Soric M.:
 University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

 University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Starc G.:
 University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Wirth J.P.:
 GroundWork, Geneva, Switzerland

Abarca-Gómez L.:
 Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica

Abdeen Z.A.:
 Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine

Abdrakhmanova S.:
 National Center of Public Health, Astana, Kazakhstan

Ghaffar S.A.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abdul Rahim H.F.:
 Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Abdurrahmonova Z.:
 Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Abu-Rmeileh N.M.:
 Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine

Garba J.A.:
 Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Acosta-Cazares B.:
 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico

Adam I.:
 Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia

Adamczyk M.:
 RehaKlinika, Rzeszów, Poland

Adams R.J.:
 Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Adu-Afarwuah S.:
 University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Afsana K.:
 BRAC James P. Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Afzal S.:
 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

 Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Agbor V.N.:
 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Agdeppa I.A.:
 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines

Aghazadeh-Attari J.:
 Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

Aguenaou H.:
 Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco

Aguilar-Salinas C.A.:
 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico

Agyemang C.:
 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Ahmad M.H.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ahmadi A.:
 Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran

Ahmadi N.:
 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Ahmed I.:
 The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Ahmed S.H.:
 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Ahrens W.:
 Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology–BIPS, Bremen, Germany

Aitmurzaeva G.:
 Republican Center for Health Promotion, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Ajlouni K.:
 National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan

Al-Hazzaa H.M.:
 Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Al-Lahou B.:
 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Al-Raddadi R.:
 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Al Hourani H.M.:
 The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan

Al Qaoud N.M.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Alarouj M.:
 Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait

AlBuhairan F.:
 Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

AlDhukair S.:
 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Aldwairji M.A.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Alexius S.:
 Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil

Ali M.M.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Alkandari A.:
 Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Alkerwi A.:
 Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg

Alkhatib B.M.:
 The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan

Allin K.:
 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Alvarez-Pedrerol M.:
 Barcelona Institute for Global Health CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain

Aly E.:
 World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt

Amarapurkar D.N.:
 Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India

Etxezarreta P.A.:
 Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain

Amoah J.:
 Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana

Amougou N.:
 UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, Paris, France

Amouyel P.:
 University of Lille, Lille, France

 Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

Andersen L.B.:
 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway

Anderssen S.A.:
 Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

Androutsos O.:
 University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece

Ängquist L.:
 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Anjana R.M.:
 Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India

Ansari-Moghaddam A.:
 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

Anufrieva E.:
 Yekaterinburg State Medical Academy, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation

Aounallah-Skhiri H.:
 National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia

Araújo J.:
 Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

 University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Ariansen I.:
 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Aris T.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arku R.E.:
 University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States

Arlappa N.:
 ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India

Aryal K.K.:
 Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal

Aseffa N.:
 Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Aspelund T.:
 University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Assah F.K.:
 University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Assembekov B.:
 Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Assunção M.C.F.:
 Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

Aung M.S.:
 University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar

Auvinen J.:
 Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Avdicová M.:
 Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

Avi S.:
 Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

 Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Azevedo A.:
 University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal

Azimi-Nezhad M.:
 Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran

Azizi F.:
 Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Azmin M.:
 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Babu B.V.:
 Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

Jørgensen M.B.:
 National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark

Baharudin A.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Bahijri S.:
 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Bakacs M.:
 National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Budapest, Hungary

Balakrishna N.:
 ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India

Balanova Y.:
 National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation

Bamoshmoosh M.:
 University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen

Banach M.:
 Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

Banegas J.R.:
 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

 CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

Baran J.:
 University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Baran R.:
 University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Barbagallo C.M.:
 University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Filho V.B.:
 Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil

Barceló A.:
 University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States

Baretic M.:
 University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Barkat A.:
 Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Barnoya J.:
 Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala City, Guatemala

Barrera L.:
 Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia

Barreto M.:
 National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal

 NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Barros A.J.D.:
 Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

Barros M.V.G.:
 University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Bartosiewicz A.:
 University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Basit A.:
 Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan

Bastos J.L.D.:
 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

Bata I.:
 Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

Batieha A.M.:
 Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

Batista A.P.:
 Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil

Batista R.L.:
 Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil

Battakova Z.:
 National Center of Public Health, Astana, Kazakhstan

Baur L.A.:
 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Bayauli P.M.:
 Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo

Beaglehole R.:
 University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Bel-Serrat S.:
 University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Belavendra A.:
 Christian Medical College, Vellore, India

Ben Romdhane H.:
 University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

Benedics J.:
 Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Vienna, Austria

Benet M.:
 Cafam University Foundation, Bogota, Colombia

Rolandi G.E.B.:
 Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Asunción, Paraguay

Bere E.:
 University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Bergh I.H.:
 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Berhane Y.:
 Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Berkinbayev S.:
 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Bernabe-Ortiz A.:
 Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Bernotiene G.:
 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

Carrasola X.B.:
 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Bettiol H.:
 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Beutel M.E.:
 Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

Beybey A.F.:
 University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Bezerra J.:
 University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Bhagyalaxmi A.:
 B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India

Bharadwaj S.:
 Chirayu Medical College, New Delhi, India

Bhargava S.K.:
 Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, Delhi, India

Bi H.:
 Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

Bi Y.:
 Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Bia D.:
 Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Biasch K.:
 University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Lele E.C.B.:
 Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Bikbov M.M.:
 Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation

Bista B.:
 Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal

Bjelica D.J.:
 University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro

Bjerregaard A.A.:
 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Bjerregaard P.:
 University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

Bjertness E.:
 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Bjertness M.B.:
 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Björkelund C.:
 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Bloch K.V.:
 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Blokstra A.:
 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands

Magnazu M.B.:
 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

 Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel

Bo S.:
 University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Bobak M.:
 University College London, London, United Kingdom

Boddy L.M.:
 Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Boehm B.O.:
 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Boer J.M.A.:
 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands

Boggia J.G.:
 Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Bogova E.:
 National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russian Federation

Boissonnet C.P.:
 Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Bojesen S.E.:
 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

 Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Bonaccio M.:
 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

Bongard V.:
 Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France

Bonilla-Vargas A.:
 Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica

Bopp M.:
 University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Borghs H.:
 KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Bovet P.:
 Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles

 UniSanté, Lausanne, Switzerland

Boymatova K.:
 World Health Organization Country Office in Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Braeckevelt L.:
 Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Brussels, Belgium

Braeckman L.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Bragt M.C.E.:
 FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands

Brajkovich I.:
 Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

Branca F.:
 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Breckenkamp J.:
 Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Breda J.:
 World Health Organization Athens Quality of Care Office, Athens, Greece

Brenner H.:
 German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

Brewster L.M.:
 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Brian G.R.:
 The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand

Briceño Y.:
 University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela

Brinduse L.:
 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Brito M.:
 Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Brophy S.:
 Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom

Brug J.:
 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands

Bruno G.:
 University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Bugge A.:
 University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Buntinx F.:
 KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Buoncristiano M.:
 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

Burazeri G.:
 Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania

Burns C.:
 Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland

de León A.C.:
 Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

Cacciottolo J.:
 University of Malta, Msida, Malta

Cai H.:
 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

Caixeta R.B.:
 Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States

Cama T.:
 Ministry of Health, Tongatapu, Tonga

Cameron C.:
 Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Camolas J.:
 Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

Can G.:
 Istanbul University–Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey

Cândido A.P.C.:
 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil

Cañete F.:
 Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Asunción, Paraguay

Capanzana M.V.:
 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines

Capková N.:
 National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

Capuano E.:
 Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy

Capuano R.:
 Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy

Capuano V.:
 Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy

Cardol M.:
 University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

Cardoso V.C.:
 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Carlsson A.C.:
 Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden

Carmuega E.:
 Centro de Estudios sobre Nutrición Infantil, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Carvalho J.:
 University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Casajús J.A.:
 University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

Casanueva F.F.:
 Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Casas M.:
 Barcelona Institute for Global Health CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain

Celikcan E.:
 Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey

Censi L.:
 Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy

Cervantes-Loaiza M.:
 Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica

Cesar J.A.:
 Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil

Chamukuttan S.:
 India Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India

Chan A.:
 Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Chaturvedi H.K.:
 ICMR–National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India

Chaturvedi N.:
 University College London, London, United Kingdom

Rahim N.C.A.:
 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Chee M.L.:
 Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

Chen C.-J.:
 Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Chen F.:
 Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China

Chen H.:
 Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China

Chen S.:
 Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China

Chen Z.:
 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Cheng C.-Y.:
 National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Cheng Y.J.:
 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

Cheraghian B.:
 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Chetrit A.:
 The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel

Chikova-Iscener E.:
 National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria

Chinapaw M.J.M.:
 Amsterdam UMC Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Chinnock A.:
 Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Chiolero A.:
 University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Chiou S.-T.:
 National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Chirlaque M.-D.:
 CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

Cho B.:
 Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

Christensen K.:
 University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Christofaro D.G.:
 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil

Chudek J.:
 Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Cifkova R.:
 Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

 Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

Cilia M.:
 Primary Health Care, Floriana, Malta

Cinteza E.:
 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Cirillo M.:
 University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

Claessens F.:
 KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Clarke J.:
 Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Clays E.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Cohen E.:
 UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, Paris, France

Compañ-Gabucio L.-M.:
 Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, Alicante, Spain

Concin H.:
 Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria

Confortin S.C.:
 Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil

Cooper C.:
 University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Coppinger T.C.:
 Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland

Corpeleijn E.:
 University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

Cortés L.Y.:
 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

Costanzo S.:
 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

Cottel D.:
 Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France

Cowell C.:
 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Craig C.L.:
 Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Crampin A.C.:
 Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi

Crujeiras A.B.:
 CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain

Cruz J.J.:
 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

 CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

Csányi T.:
 Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary

Csilla S.:
 University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Cucu A.M.:
 National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania

 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Cui L.:
 Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China

Cureau F.V.:
 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil

Cuschieri S.:
 University of Malta, Msida, Malta

Czenczek-Lewandowska E.:
 University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

D’Arrigo G.:
 National Research Council, Reggio Calabria, Italy

d’Orsi E.:
 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

Dacica L.:
 Eftimie Murgu University Resita, Resita, Romania

Dallongeville J.:
 Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France

Damasceno A.:
 Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique

Damsgaard C.T.:
 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Dankner R.:
 The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel

Dantoft T.M.:
 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Dasgupta P.:
 Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India

Dastgiri S.:
 Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz, Iran

Dauchet L.:
 University of Lille, Lille, France

 Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

Davletov K.:
 Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

de Assis M.A.A.:
 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

De Backer G.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

De Bacquer D.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

De Curtis A.:
 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

de Fragas Hinnig P.:
 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

de Gaetano G.:
 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

De Henauw S.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

De Miguel-Etayo P.:
 University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

 CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain

de Oliveira P.D.:
 Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

De Ridder D.:
 Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

De Ridder K.:
 Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium

de Rooij S.R.:
 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

 University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands

De Smedt D.:
 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Deepa M.:
 Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India

Deev A.D.:
 National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation

DeGennaro V.:
 Innovating Health International, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Jr:
 Innovating Health International, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Delisle H.:
 University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Delpeuch F.:
 French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France

Demarest S.:
 Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium

Dennison E.:
 University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Deren K.:
 University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Deschamps V.:
 French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France

Dhimal M.:
 Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal

Di Castelnuovo A.:
 Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy

Dias-da-Costa J.S.:
 Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Brazil

Díaz-Sánchez M.E.:
 National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba

Diaz A.:
 National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Fernández P.D.:
 Servicio Canario de la Salud del Gobierno de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

Ripollés M.P.D.:
 Consejería de Salud del Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain

Dika Z.:
 University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Djalalinia S.:
 Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

Djordjic V.:
 University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Do H.T.P.:
 National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Viet Nam

Dobson A.J.:
 University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Dominguez L.:
 Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru

Donati M.B.:
 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

Donfrancesco C.:
 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

Dong G.:
 Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

Dong Y.:
 Peking University, Beijing, China

Donoso S.P.:
 Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador

Döring A.:
 Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany

Dorobantu M.:
 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Dorosty A.R.:
 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Doua K.:
 Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire

Dragano N.:
 University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

Drygas W.:
 Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

 National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland

Duan J.L.:
 Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China

Duante C.A.:
 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines

Duboz P.:
 IRL 3189 ESS, Marseille, France

Duleva V.L.:
 National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria

Dulskiene V.:
 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

Dumith S.C.:
 Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil

Dushpanova A.:
 Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy

 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Dyussupova A.:
 Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan

Dzerve V.:
 University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.:
 Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

Echeverría G.:
 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Eddie R.:
 Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands

Eftekhar E.:
 Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

Egbagbe E.E.:
 University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Eggertsen R.:
 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Eghtesad S.:
 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Eiben G.:
 University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden

Ekelund U.:
 Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

El-Khateeb M.:
 National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan

El Ammari L.:
 Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco

El Ati J.:
 National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia

Eldemire-Shearer D.:
 The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

Eliasen M.:
 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Endevelt R.:
 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

 Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel

Engle-Stone R.:
 University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States

Erasmus R.T.:
 University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa

Erbel R.:
 University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Erem C.:
 Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

Ergor G.:
 Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey

Eriksen L.:
 University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

Eriksson J.G.:
 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Escobedo-de la Peña J.:
 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico

Eslami S.:
 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Esmaeili A.:
 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

Evans A.:
 Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom

Faeh D.:
 University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Fakhradiyev I.:
 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Fakhretdinova A.A.:
 Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation

Fall C.H.:
 University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Faramarzi E.:
 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Farjam M.:
 Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

Sant’Angelo V.F.:
 Primary Health Care, Floriana, Malta

Fattahi M.R.:
 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Fawwad A.:
 Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan

Fawzi W.W.:
 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States

Feigl E.:
 National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Budapest, Hungary

Felix-Redondo F.J.:
 Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain

Ferguson T.S.:
 The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

Fernandes R.A.:
 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil

Fernández-Bergés D.:
 Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain

Ferrante D.:
 Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Ferrao T.:
 Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Ferrari G.:
 Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Ferrari M.:
 Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy

Ferrario M.M.:
 University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Ferreccio C.:
 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Ferreira H.S.:
 Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil

Ferrer E.:
 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines

Ferrieres J.:
 Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France

Figueiró T.H.:
 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

Fijalkowska A.:
 Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland

Fisberg M.:
 Hospital Infantil Sabará, São Paulo, Brazil

Fischer K.:
 University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Foo L.H.:
 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia

Forsner M.:
 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Fouad H.M.:
 World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt

Francis D.K.:
 The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

do Carmo Franco M.:
 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

 Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Fras Z.:
 University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Frontera G.:
 Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain

Fuchs F.D.:
 Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Fuchs S.C.:
 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Fujiati I.I.:
 Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Fujita Y.:
 Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan

Fumihiko M.:
 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Furdela V.:
 I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine

Furusawa T.:
 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Gaciong Z.:
 Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Gafencu M.:
 Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania

Cuesta M.G.:
 Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Spain

Galbarczyk A.:
 Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Galenkamp H.:
 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Galeone D.:
 Ministero della Salute DG Prevenzione Sanitaria, Rome, Italy

Galfo M.:
 Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy

Galvano F.:
 University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Gao J.:
 Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China

Gao P.:
 Peking University, Beijing, China

Garcia-de-la-Hera M.:
 CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

Mérida M.J.G.:
 Servicio Canario de la Salud del Gobierno de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

Solano M.G.:
 Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain

Gareta D.:
 Africa Health Research Institute, Mtubatuba, South Africa

Garnett S.P.:
 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Gaspoz J.-M.:
 Geneva University Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland

Gasull M.:
 CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

Gaya A.C.A.:
 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Gaya A.R.:
 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Gazzinelli A.:
 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Gehring U.:
 Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Geiger H.:
 Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria

Geleijnse J.M.:
 Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands

George R.:
 Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India

Ghaderi E.:
 Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

Ghanbari A.:
 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Ghasemi E.:
 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Gheorghe-Fronea O.-F.:
 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Gialluisi A.:
 University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Giampaoli S.:
 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

Gianfagna F.:
 Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy

 University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Gieger C.:
 Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany

Gill T.K.:
 University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Giovannelli J.:
 University of Lille, Lille, France

 Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

Gironella G.:
 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines

Giwercman A.:
 Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Gkiouras K.:
 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Glushkova N.:
 Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ISSN: 00280836
Editorial
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, Reino Unido
Tipo de documento: Article
Volumen: 615 Número: 7954
Páginas: 874-883
WOS Id: 001023407200001
ID de PubMed: 36991188
imagen All Open Access; Green Open Access; Hybrid Gold Open Access

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