Advances in Understanding the Karyotype Evolution of Tetrapulmonata and Two Other Arachnid Taxa, Ricinulei and Solifugae
Por:
Král J., Sember A., Divišová K., Korínková T., Reyes Lerma A.C., Ávila Herrera I.M., Forman M., Štáhlavský F., Musilová J., Torres Kalme S., Palacios Vargas J.G., Zrzavá M., Vrbová I., Moreno-González J.A., Cushing P.E., Gromov A.V., Šebestiánová Š., Šlechtová V.B., Prendini L., Bird T.L.
Publicada:
1 ene 2025
Resumen:
Background/Objectives: Arachnids are a megadiverse arthropod group. The present study investigated the chromosomes of pedipalpid tetrapulmonates (orders Amblypygi, Thelyphonida, Schizomida) and two arachnid orders of uncertain phylogenetic placement, Ricinulei and Solifugae, to reconstruct their karyotype evolution. Except for amblypygids, the cytogenetics of these arachnid orders was almost unknown prior to the present study. Methods: Chromosomes were investigated using methods of standard (Giemsa-stained preparations, banding techniques) and molecular cytogenetics (fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization). Results and Conclusions: New data for 38 species, combined with previously published data, suggest that ancestral arachnids possessed low to moderate 2n (22–40), monocentric chromosomes, one nucleolus organizer region (NOR), low levels of heterochromatin and recombinations, and no or homomorphic sex chromosomes. Karyotypes of Pedipalpi and Solifugae diversified via centric fusions, pericentric inversions, and changes in the pattern of NORs and, in solifuges, also through tandem fusions. Some solifuges display an enormous amount of constitutive heterochromatin and high NOR number. It is hypothesized that the common ancestor of amblypygids, thelyphonids, and spiders exhibited a homomorphic XY system, and that telomeric heterochromatin and NORs were involved in the evolution of amblypygid sex chromosomes. The new findings support the Cephalosomata clade (acariforms, palpigrades, and solifuges). Hypotheses concerning the origin of acariform holocentric chromosomes are presented. Unlike current phylogenetic hypotheses, the results suggest a sister relationship between Schizomida and a clade comprising other tetrapulmonates as well as a polyploidization in the common ancestor of the clade comprising Araneae, Amblypygi, and Thelyphonida. © 2025 by the authors.
Filiaciones:
Král J.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Sember A.:
Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, Rumburská 89, Libechov, 277 21, Czech Republic
Divišová K.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Korínková T.:
Na, Perštýne 2, Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic
Reyes Lerma A.C.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Ávila Herrera I.M.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Forman M.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Štáhlavský F.:
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Musilová J.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, Prague, 161 00, Czech Republic
Torres Kalme S.:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
Palacios Vargas J.G.:
Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
Zrzavá M.:
Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, Ceské Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, Ceské Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
Vrbová I.:
Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, Ceské Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
Moreno-González J.A.:
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, 10024, NY, United States
Cushing P.E.:
Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, 80205, CO, United States
Gromov A.V.:
Senckenberg Research Institute, Mertonstrasse 17-21, Frankfurt, Arachnology, 60325, Germany
Šebestiánová Š.:
Institute of Physiotherapy and Selected Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 1167/27, Ceské Budejovice, 370 11, Czech Republic
Šlechtová V.B.:
Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, Rumburská 89, Libechov, 277 21, Czech Republic
Prendini L.:
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, 10024, NY, United States
Bird T.L.:
Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, 432 Paul Kruger Street, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
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