Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Por:
Axfors, Cathrine, Janiaud, Perrine, Schmitt, Andreas M., Van't Hooft, Janneke, Smith, Emily R., Haber, Noah A., Abayomi, Akin, Abduljalil, Manal, Abdulrahman, Abdulkarim, Acosta-Ampudia, Yeny, Aguilar-Guisado, Manuela, Al-Beidh, Farah, Alejandria, Marissa M., Alfonso, Rachelle N., Ali, Mohammad, AlQahtani, Manaf, AlZamrooni, Alaa, Anaya J.-M., Ang M.A.C., Aomar, Ismael F., Argumanis, Luis E., Averyanov, Alexander, Baklaushev, Vladimir P., Balionis, Olga, Benfield, Thomas, Berry, Scott, Birocco, Nadia, Bonifacio, Lynn B., Bowen, Asha C., Bown, Abbie, Cabello-Gutierrez, Carlos, Camacho, Bernardo, Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian, Campbell-Lee, Sally, Cao, Damon H., Cardesa, Ana, Carnate, Jose M., Castillo G.J.J., Cavallo, Rossana, Chowdhury, Fazle R., Chowdhury F.U.H., Ciccone, Giovannino, Cingolani, Antonella, Climacosa F.M.M., Compernolle, Veerle, Cortez C.F.N., Costa Neto A., D'Antico, Sergio, Daly, James, Danielle, Franca, Davis, Joshua S., De Rosa, Francesco Giuseppe, Denholm, Justin T., Denkinger, Claudia M., Desmecht, Daniel, Diaz-Coronado, Juan C., Diaz Ponce-Medrano, Juan A., Donneau A.-F., Dumagay, Teresita E., Dunachie, Susanna, Dungog, Cecile C., Erinoso, Olufemi, Escasa I.M.S., Estcourt, Lise J., Evans, Amy, Evasan A.L.M., Fareli, Christian J., Fernandez-Sanchez, Veronica, Galassi, Claudia, Gallo, Juan E., Garcia, Patricia J., Garcia, Patricia L., Garcia, Jesus A., Garigliany, Mutien, Garza-Gonzalez, Elvira, Gauiran D.T.V., Gaviria Garcia, Paula A., Giron-Gonzalez J.-A., Gomez-Almaguer, David, Gordon, Anthony C., Gothot, Andre, Grass Guaqueta, Jeser Santiago, Green, Cameron, Grimaldi, David, Hammond, Naomi E., Harvala, Heli, Heralde, Francisco M., Herrick, Jesica, Higgins, Alisa M., Hills, Thomas E., Hines, Jennifer, Holm, Karin, Hoque, Ashraful, Hoste, Eric, Ignacio, Jose M., Ivanov, V, Alexander, Janssen, Maike, Jennings, Jeffrey H., Jha, Vivekanand, King R.A.N., Kjeldsen-Kragh, Jens, Klenerman, Paul, Kotecha, Aditya, Krapp, Fiorella, Labanca, Luciana, Laing, Emma, Landin-Olsson, Mona, Laterre P.-F., Lim, Lyn-Li, Lim, Jodor, Ljungquist, Oskar, Llaca-Diaz, Jorge M., Lopez-Robles, Concepcion, Lopez-Cardenas, Salvador, Lopez-Plaza, Ileana, Lucero J.A.C., Lundgren, Maria, Macias, Juan, Maganito, Sandy C., Malundo A.F.G., Manrique, Ruben D., Manzini, Paola M., Marcos, Miguel, Marquez, Ignacio, Martínez-Marcos F.J., Mata, Ana M., McArthur, Colin J., McQuilten, Zoe K., McVerry, Bryan J., Menon, David K., Meyfroidt, Geert, Mirasol M.A.L., Misset, Benoit, Molton, James S., Mondragon, V, Alric, Monsalve, Diana M., Moradi Choghakabodi P., Morpeth, Susan C., Mouncey, Paul R., Moutschen, Michel, Muller-Tidow, Carsten, Murphy, Erin, Najdovski, Tome, Nichol, Alistair D., Nielsen, Henrik, Novak, Richard M., O’Sullivan M.V.N., Olalla, Julian, Osibogun, Akin, Osikomaiya, Bodunrin, Oyonarte, Salvador, Pardo-Oviedo, Juan M., Patel, Mahesh C., Paterson, David L., Peña-Perez C.A., Perez-Calatayud, Angel A., Perez-Alba, Eduardo, Perkina, Anastasia, Perry, Naomi, Pouladzadeh, Mandana, Poyato, Inmaculada, Price, David J., Quero A.K.H., Rahman, Md M., Rahman, Md S., Ramesh, Mayur, Ramirez-Santana, Carolina, Rasmussen, Magnus, Rees, Megan A., Rego, Eduardo, Roberts, Jason A., Roberts, David J., Rodriguez, Yhojan, Rodriguez-Bano, Jesus, Rogers, Benjamin A., Rojas, Manuel, Romero, Alberto, Rowan, Kathryn M., Saccona, Fabio, Safdarian, Mehdi, Santos M.C.M., Sasadeusz, Joe, Scozzari, Gitana, Shankar-Hari, Manu, Sharma, Gorav, Snelling, Thomas, Soto, Alonso, Tagayuna, Pedrito Y., Tang, Amy, Tatem, Geneva, Teofili, Luciana, Tong S.Y.C., Turgeon, Alexis F., Veloso, Januario D., Venkatesh, Balasubramanian, Ventura-Enriquez, Yanet, Webb, Steve A., Wiese, Lothar, Wiken, Christian, Wood, Erica M., Yusubalieva, Gaukhar M., Zacharowski, Kai, Zarychanski, Ryan, Khanna, Nina, Moher, David, Goodman, Steven N., Ioannidis J.P.A., Hemkens, Lars G.
Publicada:
20 nov 2021
Categoría:
Infectious diseases
Resumen:
Background: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19
and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but
results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The
objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent
plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause
mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available
randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials
(Open Science Framework, ).
Methods: In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis,
clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International
Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the
LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021.
Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published
results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued
and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent
plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of
setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted
from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and
combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We
investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall
evidence.
Results: A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20
unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32
trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only
intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of
8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of
7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for
all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with
between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I-2 = 0%). The RECOVERY
trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in
the meta-analysis.
Conclusions: Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did
not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence
that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not
be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from
collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence
generation and evidence application in patient care.
Filiaciones:
Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Department for Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Medical Oncology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, United States
Lagos State Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria
Internal Medicine, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
Medical Team, National Task Force for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID19), Riffa, Bahrain
Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Centre, Awali, Bahrain
Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
Surgery and Cancer, Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University in Bahrain, Riffa, Bahrain
Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
Department of Laboratories, Division of Blood Bank, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Fundamental Medicine Department, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Cell Culture Laboratory, Biomedical Research, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Center for Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Berry Consultants, Austin, United States
Department of Oncology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
Department Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Investigación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Clinical Department, Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslacion de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Internal Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Infectious Disease, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Bank, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infective Diseases, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Animal Pathology, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
Deparment of Internal Medicine, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
Centro Medico Naval, Mexico City, Mexico
Public Health Department, Biostatistic, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CENETEC (National Center for Health Technology Excellence), Mexico City, Mexico
Blood Bank, Centro Médico Naval and FES Iztacala UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
Genoma CES, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Servicio de Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru
Department of Haematology, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Granada, Granada, Spain
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
Department of Hematology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
Intensive Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
Immunohematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Intensive Care Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, Sydney, Australia
Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Blood Transfusion, Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Intensive Care Medicine, Gand University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
Department of Neumology and Pulmonology, Hospital Quiron de Marbella, Málaga, Spain
Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, New Delhi, India
School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Intensive Care Medicine, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Eastern Health, Box Hill, Australia
Clinical Sciences, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
Department of Clinical Pathology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Jerez de La Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Quiron de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitario Juan Ramon Jimenez, Huelva, Spain
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos, Spain
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Intensive Care Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
Intensive Care Medicine, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
Western Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
Blood Services, Red Cross, Suarlée, Belgium
School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Intensive Care Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Costa del Sol, Málaga, Spain
College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
Adult Intensive Care Unit, Centro Medico Naval, Mexico City, Mexico
Acute Medicine, Head ICU, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Emergency Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Torrecardenas, Almería, Spain
Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
Departments of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
Clinical and Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
Clinica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia
Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla-IBiS, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Medical Hospital Direction, Unit of Medical Direction, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
St Thomas’ Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru
Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Transfusion Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Wesley and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Blood Bank, Centro Medico Naval, Mexico City, Mexico
St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Subiaco, Australia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene and Infection Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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