Natural and Cultural Processes Influencing Gene Flow Among Wild (atoq papa), Weedy (araq papa and k'ipa papa), and Crop Potatoes in the Andean Region of Southern Peru
Por:
Parra-Rondinel, Fabiola, Casas, Alejandro, Begazo, Domingo, Paco, Amalia, Marquez, Eusebia, Cruz, Aldo, Segovia, Jorge, Torres-Garcia, Ignacio, Zarazua, Mariana, Lizarraga, Luis, Torres-Guevara, Juan
Publicada:
24 may 2021
Resumen:
The Andean region is one of the areas with the earliest signs of food
production systems and highest agrobiodiversity of the world, which
resulted from millennia of domestication in a context of high ecosystem
heterogeneity and human cultures valuing diversity for risk management.
FAO has reported nearly 4000 varieties of cultivated potatoes still
grown in the Andes, 3000 of them currently occurring in Peru. Such
diversity has enormous sources of variation in wild (atoq papa) and
weedy (araq papa and k'ipa papa) potatoes that coexist with crops, but
their variation, interactions and mechanisms influencing diversification
processes still require studies. In order to have a panorama of the
variation and mechanisms influencing it in a regional setting, we
studied biocultural factors favoring potatoes diversity in communities
of Cusco and Apurimac, Peru. Our study documented the regional variation
of wild, weedy, and cultivated potatoes recognized by local Quechua
people and conducted semi-structured interviews to document their use,
cultural value, and strategies of gene flow management implemented. We
also studied their phenology, floral biology, flower visitors, and
conducted experimental crosses between the wild S. candolleanum and 30
varieties of cultivated potatoes. We identified the wild potatoes S.
acaule, S. brevicaule and S. candolleanum and 53 varieties of araq papa
used and managed by local people. The latter provide nearly one third of
the annual consumption of tubers by people interviewed and are,
therefore, highly valued, maintained and managed in crop fields
(chacras). People recognized that crosses between wild, weedy, and
cultivated potatoes occur, and identified flower visitors and frugivores
consuming their berries. Overlap of blooming periods and flower visitors
of wild, weedy, and cultivated potatoes was recorded. Almost all flower
visitors are shared among the different potato species and varieties,
the bumble bees being particularly relevant in pollination of all taxa
studied. We recorded seed production in nearly 35% of the experimental
crosses. K'ipa papas are sets of mixtures of plants resulting from
remaining tubers of cultivated potatoes, but also those from seeds that
may result from hybridization of wild, weedy, and cultivated potatoes.
Since local people commonly use k'ipa papa varieties and some of them
are kept for planting in chacras, sexual reproduction in k'ipa papas is
possibly one main mechanism of variation and source of new varieties of
crops. Maintaining wild and weedy potatoes, and the natural and cultural
mechanisms of gene flow is crucial for in situ conservation and
generation of potato variation.
Filiaciones:
Parra-Rondinel, Fabiola:
Departamento Académico de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Lima, Peru
Casas, Alejandro:
Departamento Académico de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Lima, Peru
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Begazo, Domingo:
Centro Andino de Educación y Promoción José María Arguedas (CADEP), Cusco, Peru
Paco, Amalia:
Centro Andino de Educación y Promoción José María Arguedas (CADEP), Cusco, Peru
Marquez, Eusebia:
Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Peru
Cruz, Aldo:
Centro de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
Segovia, Jorge:
Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Peru
Torres-Garcia, Ignacio:
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Zarazua, Mariana:
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Lizarraga, Luis:
Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Peru
Torres-Guevara, Juan:
Departamento Académico de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Lima, Peru
Gold, All Open Access; Gold
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