Multi-wavelength picture of the misaligned BL Lac object 3C 371
Por:
Otero-Santos, J, Raiteri, CM, Tramacere, A, Pedrosa, JE, Acosta-Pulido, JA, Carnerero, MI, Villata, M, Agudo, I, Rahimov, IA, Andreeva, TS, Ivanov, DV, Marchili, N, Righini, S, Giroletti, M, Gurwell, MA, Savchenko, SS, Carosati, D, Chen, WP, Kurtanidze, SO, Joner, MD, Semkov, E, Pursimo, T, Benítez, E, Damljanovic, G, Andreuzzi, G, Apolonio, G, Borman, GA, Bozhilov, V, Galindo-Guil, FJ, Grishina, TS, Hagen-Thorn, VA, Hiriart, D, Hsiao, HY, Ibryamov, S, Ivanidze, RZ, Kimeridze, GN, Kopatskaya, EN, Kurtanidze, OM, Larionov, VM, Larionova, EG, Larionova, LV, Minev, M, Morozova, DA, Nikolashvili, MG, Ovcharov, E, Sigua, LA, Stojanovic, M, Troitskiy, IS, Troitskaya, YV, Tsai, A, Valcheva, A, Vasilyev, AA, Vince, O, Zaharieva, E, Zhovtan, AV
Publicada:
17 ene 2025
Resumen:
Context. The BL Lac object 3C 371 is one of the targets regularly monitored by the Whole-Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), a collaboration of observers studying blazar variability on both short and long timescales. Aims. We aim to evaluate the long-term multi-wavelength (MWL) behaviour of 3C 371, comparing it with results derived from its optical emission in our previous study. For this, we make use of the multi-band campaigns organised by the WEBT collaboration in optical and radio between January 2018 and December 2020, and of public data from Swift and Fermi satellites and the MOJAVE Very Large Interferometry programme. Methods. We evaluated the variability shown by the source in each band by quantifying the amplitude variability parameter, and also looked for a possible inter-band correlation using the z-discrete correlation function. We also present a deep analysis of the optical-UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray spectral variability. With the MOJAVE data, we performed a kinematics analysis, looking for components propagating along the jet and calculating its kinematics parameters. We then used this set of parameters to interpret the source MWL behaviour, modelling its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) with theoretical blazar emission scenarios. Results. The MWL variability of the source in the UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray bands is comparable to that in optical, especially considering the lower coverage of the first two wavebands. On the other hand, the radio bands show variability of much lower magnitude. Moreover, this MWL emission shows a high degree of correlation, which is compatible with zero lag, again with the exception of the radio emission. The radio VLBI images reveal super-luminal motion of one of the identified components, which we used to set constraints on the jet kinematics and parameters, and to estimate a viewing angle of theta = (9.6 +/- 1.6)degrees, a Doppler factor of delta = 6.0 +/- 1.1, and a Lorentz factor of Gamma = 6.0 +/- 1.8. The polarised radio emission was found to be anti-correlated with the total flux, and to follow the same behaviour as the polarised optical radiation. The optical-UV spectral behaviour shows a mild harder-when-brighter trend on long timescales, and other trends such as redder-when-brighter on shorter timescales. We successfully modelled the broadband emission with a leptonic scenario, where we compared the low and high emission states during the period of complete MWL coverage. The difference between these two states can be ascribed mainly to a hardening of the distribution of particles. The derived features of the source confirm that 3C 371 is a BL Lac whose jet is not well aligned with the line of sight.
Filiaciones:
Otero-Santos, J:
Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, Granada 18008, Spain
Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Raiteri, CM:
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
Tramacere, A:
Univ Geneva, Dept Astron, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
Pedrosa, JE:
Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, Granada 18008, Spain
Acosta-Pulido, JA:
Inst Astrofis Canarias IAC, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Univ La Laguna ULL, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Carnerero, MI:
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
Villata, M:
INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
Agudo, I:
Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, Granada 18008, Spain
Rahimov, IA:
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Astron, St Petersburg, Russia
Andreeva, TS:
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Astron, St Petersburg, Russia
Ivanov, DV:
Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Astron, St Petersburg, Russia
Marchili, N:
INAF Ist Radioastron, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
Righini, S:
INAF Ist Radioastron, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
Giroletti, M:
INAF Ist Radioastron, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
Gurwell, MA:
Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Savchenko, SS:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Russian Acad Sci, Special Astrophys Observ, Nizhnii Arkhyz 369167, Russia
Pulkovo Observ, St Petersburg 196140, Russia
Carosati, D:
EPT Observ, Tijarafe, La Plama, Spain
TNG Fdn Galileo Galilei, INAF, La Palma, Spain
Chen, WP:
Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
Kurtanidze, SO:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Joner, MD:
Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602 USA
Semkov, E:
Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Astron, 72 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
Bulgarian Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, 72 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
Pursimo, T:
Nord Opt Telescope, Apartado 474, E-38700 Santa Cruz De La Palma, Santa Cruz De T, Spain
Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Benítez, E:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, AP 70-264, Cdmx 04510, Mexico
Damljanovic, G:
Astron Observ, Volgina 7, Belgrade 11060, Serbia
Andreuzzi, G:
TNG Fdn Galileo Galilei, INAF, La Palma, Spain
Apolonio, G:
Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602 USA
Borman, GA:
Crimean Astrophys Observ RAS, Crimea 298409, Russia
Bozhilov, V:
Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Galindo-Guil, FJ:
Ctr Estudios Fis Cosmos Aragon CEFCA, Plaza San Juan 1, Teruel 44001, Spain
Grishina, TS:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Hagen-Thorn, VA:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Hiriart, D:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, AP 106, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico
Hsiao, HY:
Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
Ibryamov, S:
Univ Shumen, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Phys, 115 Univ Ska Str, Shumen 9712, Bulgaria
Ivanidze, RZ:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Kimeridze, GN:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Kopatskaya, EN:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Kurtanidze, OM:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Kazan Fed Univ, Engelhardt Astron Observ, Tatarstan, Russia
Larionov, VM:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Larionova, EG:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Larionova, LV:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Minev, M:
Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Astron, 72 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
Bulgarian Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, 72 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Morozova, DA:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Nikolashvili, MG:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Ovcharov, E:
Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Sigua, LA:
Abastumani Observ, GE-0301 Mt Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
Stojanovic, M:
Astron Observ, Volgina 7, Belgrade 11060, Serbia
Troitskiy, IS:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Troitskaya, YV:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Tsai, A:
Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, 70 Lien Hai Rd, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
ViewMove Technol Inc, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
Valcheva, A:
Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Vasilyev, AA:
St Petersburg State Univ, 7-9 Univ Skaya Nab, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
Vince, O:
Astron Observ, Volgina 7, Belgrade 11060, Serbia
Zaharieva, E:
Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Zhovtan, AV:
Crimean Astrophys Observ RAS, Crimea 298409, Russia
Green Submitted, All Open Access; Green Open Access
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