Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Por:
Vollset S.E., Ababneh H.S., Abate Y.H., Abbafati C., Abbasgholizadeh R., Abbasian M., Abbastabar H., Abd Al Magied A.H.A., ElHafeez S.A., Abdelkader A., Abdelmasseh M., Abd-Elsalam S., Abdi P., Abdollahi M., Abdoun M., Abdullahi A., Abebe M., Abiodun O., Aboagye R.G., Abolhassani H., Abouzid M., Aboye G.B., Abreu L.G., Absalan A., Abualruz H., Abubakar B., Abukhadijah H.J.J., Addolorato G., Adekanmbi V., Adetunji C.O., Adetunji J.B., Adeyeoluwa T.E., Adha R., Adhikary R.K., Adnani Q.E.S., Adzigbli L.A., Afrashteh F., Afzal M.S., Afzal S., Agbozo F., Agodi A., Agrawal A., Agyemang-Duah W., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahlstrom A.J., Ahmad A., Ahmad F., Ahmad M.M., Ahmad S., Ahmed A., Ahmed H., Ahmed S., Ahmed S.A., Akinosoglou K., Akkaif M.A., Akrami A.E., Akter E., Awaidy S.A., Al Hasan S.M., Al Mosa A.S., Al Ta'ani O., Al Zaabi O.A.M., Alahdab F., Alajlani M.M., Al-Ajlouni Y., Alalalmeh S.O., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alam Z., Al-Amer R.M., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Albakri A., Aldhaleei W.A., Aldridge R.W., Alemohammad S.Y., Alemu Y.M., Al-Gheethi A.A.S., Al-Hanawi M.K., Ali A., Ali I., Ali M.U., Ali R., Ali S.S.S., Ali V.E., Ali W., Al-Ibraheem A., Alicandro G., Alif S.M., Aljunid S.M., Alla F., Almazan J.U., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Alqutaibi A.Y., Alrawashdeh A., Alrousan S.M., Al-Sabah S.K., Alsabri M.A., Altaany Z., Al-Tammemi A.B., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Altirkawi K.A., Aluh D.O., Alvis-Guzman N., Al-Wardat M.S., Al-Worafi Y.M., Aly H., Alyahya M.S., Alzoubi K.H., Al-Zyoud W., Amani R., Ameyaw E.K., Amin T.T., Amindarolzarbi A., Amiri S., Amirzade-Iranaq M.H., Amu H., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Anderson D.B., Andrade P.P., Andrei C.L., Andrei T., Andrews E.A., Anil A., Anil S., Anoushiravani A., Antony C.M., Antriyandarti E., Anuoluwa B.S., Anvari S., Anyasodor A.E., Appiah F., Aquilano M., Arab J.P., Arabloo J., Arafa E.A., Arafat M., Aravkin A.Y., Ardekani A., Areda D., Aregawi B.B., Aremu A., Ariffin H., Arkew M., Armani K., Artamonov A.A., Arumugam A., Asghari-Jafarabadi M., Ashbaugh C., Astell-Burt T., Athari S.S., Atorkey P., Atout M.M.W., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Awad H., Awotidebe A.W., Ayatollahi H., Ayuso-Mateos J.L., Azadnajafabad S., Azeez F.K., Azevedo R.M.S., Badar M., Baghdadi S., Bagheri M., Bagheri N., Bai R., Baker J.L., Bako A.T., Balakrishnan S., Balcha W.F., Baltatu O.C., Barchitta M., Bardideh E., Barker-Collo S.L., Bärnighausen T.W., Barqawi H.J., Barteit S., Basiru A., Basso J.D., Bastan M.-M., Basu S., Bauckneht M., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Bayileyegn N.S., Behnoush A.H., Behzadi P., Beiranvand M., Bello O.O., Belo L., Beloukas A., Bemanalizadeh M., Bensenor I.M., Benzian H., Beran A., Berezvai Z., Bernstein R.S., Bettencourt P.J.G., Beyene K.A., Beyene M.G., Bhagat D.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhala N., Bhandari D., Bharadwaj R., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhargava A., Bhaskar S., Bhat V., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhatti G.K., Bhatti J.S., Bhatti M.S., Bhuiyan M.A., Bisignano C., Biswas B., Bjørge T., Bodolica V., Bodunrin A.O., Hashemi M.B., Basara B.B., Borhany H., Bosoka S.A., Carvajal A.B., Bouaoud S., Boufous S., Boxe C., Boyko E.J., Brady O.J., Braithwaite D., Brauer M., Brazo-Sayavera J., Brenner H., Brown C.S., Browne A.J., Brugha T., Bryazka D., Bulamu N.B., Buonsenso D., Burkart K., Burns R.A., Busse R., Bustanji Y., Butt Z.A., dos Santos F.L.C., Barsbay M.Ç., Calina D., Campos L.A., Cao S., Capodici A., Cárdenas R., Carreras G., Carugno A., Carvalho M., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castelpietra G., Cattaruzza M.S., Caye A., Cegolon L., Cembranel F., Cenko E., Cerin E., Chadban S.J., Chadwick J., Chakraborty C., Chakraborty S., Chalek J., Chan J.S.K., Chandika R.M., Chandy S., Charan J., Chaudhary A.A., Chaurasia A., Chen A.-T., Chen H., Chen M.X., Chen S., Cherbuin N., Chi G., Chichagi F., Chimed-Ochir O., Chimoriya R., Ching P.R., Chirinos-Caceres J.L., Chitheer A., Cho D.Y., Cho W.C.S., Choi D.-W., Chong B., Chong C.L., Chopra H., Chu D.-T., Chung E., Chutiyami M., Clayton J.T., Cogen R.M., Cohen A.J., Columbus A., Comfort H., Conde J., Connolly J.T., Cooper E.E.K., Cortese S., Cruz-Martins N., da Silva A.G., Dadras O., Dai X., Dai Z., Dalton B.E., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das J.K., Das S., Dash N.R., Davletov K., De la Hoz F.P., De Leo D., Debopadhaya S., Delgado-Enciso I., Denova-Gutiérrez E., Dervenis N., Desai H.D., Devanbu V.G.C., Dewan S.M.R., Dhama K., Dhane A.S., Dhingra S., da Silva D.D., Diaz D., Diaz L.A., Diaz M.J., Dima A., Ding D.D., Do T.H.P., do Prado C.B., Dodangeh M., Doegah P.T., Dohare S., Dong W., D'Oria M., Doshi R., Dowou R.K., Dsouza H.L., Dsouza V., Dube J., Dumith S.C., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Duraisamy S., Durojaiye O.C., Dushpanova A., Dutta S., Dzianach P.A., Dziedzic A.M., Eboreime E., Ebrahimi A., Kalan M.E., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Eikemo T.A., Eini E., Ekundayo T.C., El Arab R.A., Sayed I.E., Elamin O., Elemam N.M., ElGohary G.M.T., Elhadi M., Elmeligy O.A.A., Elmoselhi A.B., Elshaer M., Elsohaby I., Eltahir E., Emeto T.I., Eshrati B., Eslami M., Esmaeili Z., Fabin N., Fagbamigbe A.F., Fagbule O.F., Falzone L., Fareed M., e Sá Farinha C.S., Faris M.E.M., Faro A., Fasihi K., Fatehizadeh A., Fauk N.K., Fazylov T., Feigin V.L., Fekadu G., Feng X., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Ferrara P., Ferreira N., Firew B.S., Fischer F., Fitriana I., Flavel J., Flor L.S., Folayan M.O., Foley K.M., Fonzo M., Force L.M., Foschi M., Freitas A., Fridayani N.K.Y., Fukutaki K.G., Furtado J.M., Fux B., Gaal P.A., Gadanya M.A., Gallus S., Ganesan B., Ganiyani M.A., Gautam R.K., Gebi T.G., Gebregergis M.W., Gebrehiwot M., Getacher L., Getahun G.K.A., Gething P.W., Ghadimi D.J., Ghadirian F., Ghafarian S., Ghailan K.Y., Ghasemi M., Dabaghi G.G., Ghazy R.M., Ghoba S., Gholami E., Gholamrezanezhad A., Gholizadeh N., Ghorbani M., Vajargah P.G., Ghotbi E., Gil A.U., Gill T.K., Girmay A., Glasbey J.C., Glushkova E.V., Gnedovskaya E.V., Göbölös L., Goldust M., Goleij P., Golinelli D., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Gouravani M., Goyal A., Grivna M., Grosso G., Guarducci G., Gubari M.I.M., Guicciardi S., Guimarães R.A., Gulati S., Gulisashvili D., Gunawardane D.A., Guo C., Gupta A.K., Gupta R., Gupta S., Gupta V.K., Haakenstad A., Hadi N.R., Haep N., Hafiz A., Haghmorad D., Haile D., Ali A.H., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halboub E.S., Haller S., Halwani R., Abdullah K.H., Hamdy N.M., Hamoudi R., Hanifi N., Hankey G.J., Haq Z.A., Haque M.R., Harapan H., Hargono A., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan S.M.M., Hasanian M., Hasnain M.S., Hassan A., Haubold J., Hay S.I., Hebert J.J., Hegazi O.E., Heidari M., Hemmati M., Henson C.A., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Heydari M., Hezam K., Hidayana I., Hiraike Y., Hoan N.Q., Holla R., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hossain M.M., Hosseinzadeh H., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hu C., Huang J., Hultström M., Hundie T.G., Hunt A.J., Hushmandi K., Hussain J., Hussain M.A., Hussein N.R., Huynh H.-H., Hwang B.-F., Ibitoye S.E., Iftikhar P.M., Ikiroma A.I., Ikwegbue P.C., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Immurana M., Isa M.A., Islam Md.R., Islam S.M.S., Ismail F., Ismail N.E., Isola G., Iwagami M., Iyamu I.O., Jacob L., Jacobsen K.H., Jafarinia M., Jahankhani K., Jahanmehr N., Jain N., Jairoun A.A., Mani R.J., Jamil S., Jamora R.D.G., Jatau A.I., Javadov S., Javaheri T., Jayaram S., Jee S.H., Jeganathan J., Jiang H., Jokar M., Jonas J.B., Joseph N., Joshua C.E., Jürisson M., Vaishali K., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kadashetti V., Kalankesh L.R., Kalra S., Kamath A., Kamath R., Kamireddy A., Kanaan M., Kanchan T., Kanmiki E.W., Kanmodi K.K., Kansal S.K., Karim A., Karkhah S., Kashoo F.Z., Kasraei H., Kassel M.B., Katikireddi S.V., Kauppila J.H., Kaur H., Kayode G.A., Kazemi F., Kazemian S., Kebede F., Kendal E.S., Kesse-Guyot E., Khademvatan S., Khajuria H., Khalaji A., Khalid A., Khalid N., Khalilian A., Khamesipour F., Khan F., Khan M.J., Khan M.A.B., Khanmohammadi S., Khatab K., Khatatbeh H., Khatatbeh M.M., Khatib M.N., Kashani H.R.K., Kheirallah K.A., Khokhar M., Khormali M., Khorrami Z., Khosla A.A., Khosravi M., Khosrowjerdi M., Khubchandani J., Kifle Z.D., Kim G., Kim J.S., Kim M.S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Knibbs L.D., Knudsen A.K.S., Kochhar S., Kolahi A.-A., Kompani F., Koren G., Korzh O., Krishan K., Krishna V., Krishnamoorthy V., Bicer B.K., Kuddus M.A., Kuddus M., Kuitunen I., Kujan O., Kulimbet M., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar H., Kumar N., Kumar R., Kumar V., Kundu A., Kusuma D., Kyei-Arthur F., Kytö V., Kyu H.H., Vecchia C.L., Lacey B., Ladan M.A., Laflamme L., Lahariya C., Lai D.T.C., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lám J., Lan Q., Lan T., Landires I., Lanfranchi F., Langguth B., Lansingh V.C., Laplante-Lévesque A., Larijani B., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Lawlor H.R., Le H.-H., Le L.K.D., Le N.H.H., Le T.T.T., Le T.D.T., Leasher J.L., Lee D.W., Lee M., Lee P.H., Lee S.-W., Lee S.W., Lee S.W.H., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li M.-C., Libra M., Ligade V.S., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Limenh L.W., Lindholm D., Lindstedt P.A., Listl S., Liu G., Liu S., Liu X., Llanaj E., López-Bueno R., López-Gil J.F., Loreche A.M., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lubinda J., Lucchetti G., Luo L., Lusk J.B., Lv L., Amin H.I.M., Ma Z.F., Maass K.L., Machairas N., Machoy M., Madureira-Carvalho Á.M., El Razek H.M.A., Maghazachi A.A., Prasad D.R.M., Mahalleh M., Mahasha P.W., Mahmoud M.A., Mahmoudi E., Mahmoudvand G., Makama M., Rad E.M., Malhotra K., Malik A.A., Malta D.C., Manla Y., Mansour A., Mansouri M.H., Mansouri P., Mansouri V., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Marasini B.P., Marateb H.R., Maravilla J.C., Mardi P., Marjani A., Moghadam H.M., Arnedo C.A.M., Martinez G., Martinez-Piedra R., Martins-Melo F.R., Martorell M., Marx W., Marzo R.R., Masoudi S., Mathangasinghe Y., Mathioudakis A.G., Mathur M., Mathur N., Matozinhos F.P., Mattumpuram J., Maude R.J., Maugeri A., Mayeli M., Mazidi M., Mazzotti A., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McKowen A.L.W., McPhail M.A., McPhail S.M., Mehmood A., Mehrabani-Zeinabad K., Mehravar S., Meto T.M., Melese E.B., Mendez-Lopez M.A.M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mensah G.A., Mensah L.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meo S.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Mestrovic T., Mettananda K.C.D., Mettananda S., Mhlanga A., Mhlanga L., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., de Sá A.C.M.G.N., Miller T.R., Minh L.H.N., Mirahmadi A., Mirijello A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mitchell P.B., Mittal C., Moberg M.E., Fard A.M., Mohajelin S., Mohamadkhani A., Mohamed A.I., Mohamed J., Mohamed M.F.H., Mohamed N.S., Mohammad A.M., Mohammadi S., Mohammed H., Mohammed M., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Momani S.M., Momtazmanesh S., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moni M.A., Montazeri F., Ghalibaf A.M., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreira R.S., Morovatdar N., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mosser J.F., Mossialos E., Motappa R., Mougin V., Mousavi P., Mrejen M., Mubarik S., Mueller U.O., Mulita F., Munjal K., Murillo-Zamora E., Musallam K.M., Musina A.-M., Mustafa G., Myung W., Nafei A., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi P., Naik G.R., Naik G., Nainu F., Najdaghi S., Ansari N.N., Nangia V., Swamy S.N., Nargus S., Davani D.N., Nascimento B.R., Nascimento G.G., Naser A.Y., Nashwan A.J., Natto Z.S., Nauman J., Navaratna S.N.K., Naveed M., Nawsherwan, Nayak B.P., Nayak V.C., Negash H., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Nejadghaderi S.A., Nejjari C., Nematollahi S., Netsere H.B., Ng M., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A.H., Nguyen D.H., Nguyen H.T.H., Nguyen N., Nguyen N.N.Y., Nguyen P.T., Nguyen Q.P., Nguyen V.T., Minh D.N.T., Niazi R.K., Nigatu Y.T., Niknam M., Nikoobar A., Nikpoor A.R., Nikravangolsefid N., Noman E.A., Nomura S., Noor S.T.A., Noroozi N., Nouri M., Nozari M., Nri-Ezedi C.A., Ntaios G., Nunemo M.H., Nurrika D., Nutor J.J., Nzoputam C.I., Nzoputam O.J., Oancea B., Obamiro K.O., Odetokun I.A., Oduro M.S., Ogundijo O.A., Ogunfowokan A.A., Ogunkoya A., Oguntade A.S., Oh I.-H., Ojo-Akosile T.R., Okati-Aliabad H., Okekunle A.P., Okonji O.C., Olagunju A.T., Olatubi M.I., Oliveira G.M.M., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oluwafemi Y.D., Omar H.A., Omer G.L., Ong S., Onie S., Onwujekwe O.E., Opejin A.O., Ordak M., Orish V.N., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Prado E., Osman W.M.S., Ostojic S.M., Ostroff S.M., Osuagwu U.L., Otoiu A., Otstavnov S.S., Ouyahia A., Owolabi M.O., Oyeyemi O.T., Ozair A., Mahesh Padukudru P.A., Padron-Monedero A., Padubidri J.R., Pal P.K., Palicz T., Pan F., Pan H.-F., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pangaribuan H.U., Panos G.D., Panos L.D., Pantazopoulos I., Stoian A.M.P., Parikh R.R.
Publicada:
1 ene 2024
Resumen:
Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across
Filiaciones:
Vollset S.E.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
Ababneh H.S.:
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Abate Y.H.:
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Abbafati C.:
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Abbasgholizadeh R.:
Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Abbasian M.:
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abbastabar H.:
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abd Al Magied A.H.A.:
College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
ElHafeez S.A.:
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Abdelkader A.:
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Abdelmasseh M.:
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Abd-Elsalam S.:
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Abdi P.:
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
Abdollahi M.:
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abdoun M.:
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Abdullahi A.:
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Abebe M.:
Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Abiodun O.:
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Aboagye R.G.:
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Abolhassani H.:
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Abouzid M.:
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Aboye G.B.:
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abreu L.G.:
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Absalan A.:
Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Research and Development, Satras Biotechnology Company, Tehran, Iran
Abualruz H.:
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Abubakar B.:
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Abukhadijah H.J.J.:
Department of Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Adekanmbi V.:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Adetunji C.O.:
Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Adetunji J.B.:
Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Adeyeoluwa T.E.:
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Adha R.:
Department of Business Administration, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Adhikary R.K.:
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Adnani Q.E.S.:
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
Adzigbli L.A.:
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Afrashteh F.:
Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Afzal M.S.:
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Afzal S.:
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Agbozo F.:
Family and Community Health Department, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
Department of Global and Public Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Agodi A.:
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Agrawal A.:
Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Agyemang-Duah W.:
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Ahinkorah B.O.:
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ahlstrom A.J.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Ahmad A.:
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad F.:
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Ahmad M.M.:
Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Ahmad S.:
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Ahmed A.:
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Ahmed H.:
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Ahmed S.:
Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Ahmed S.A.:
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Akinosoglou K.:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Akkaif M.A.:
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Akrami A.E.:
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Maternal and Child Health, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Awaidy S.A.:
Communicable Diseases Adviser to Health Affairs, HQ, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
ME'NA-ISN Chairperson, Muscat, Oman
Al Hasan S.M.:
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
Al Mosa A.S.:
Department of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Al Ta'ani O.:
Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Al Zaabi O.A.M.:
Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Alahdab F.:
McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Alajlani M.M.:
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Al-Ajlouni Y.:
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Alalalmeh S.O.:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Al-Aly Z.:
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
Alam K.:
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Alam N.:
Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
Alam T.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Alam Z.:
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Al-Amer R.M.:
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Alanezi F.M.:
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Alanzi T.M.:
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Albakri A.:
Department of Medicine, Royal Jordanian Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
Aldhaleei W.A.:
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Aldridge R.W.:
Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Alemohammad S.Y.:
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Alemu Y.M.:
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Al-Gheethi A.A.S.:
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Al-Hanawi M.K.:
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ali A.:
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Ali I.:
School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Ali M.U.:
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Ali R.:
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Ali S.S.S.:
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of SWAT, Swat, Pakistan
Ali V.E.:
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
Ali W.:
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Al-Ibraheem A.:
Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Alicandro G.:
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Alif S.M.:
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Aljunid S.M.:
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Alla F.:
Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Al-Mekhlafi H.M.:
Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
Alqutaibi A.Y.:
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
Alrawashdeh A.:
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Alrousan S.M.:
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Al-Sabah S.K.:
Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait
Alsabri M.A.:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen
Altaany Z.:
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk Univeristy, Irbid, Jordan
Al-Tammemi A.B.:
Research, Policy and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Al-Tawfiq J.A.:
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Altirkawi K.A.:
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Aluh D.O.:
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Alvis-Guzman N.:
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Al-Wardat M.S.:
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Al-Worafi Y.M.:
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Aly H.:
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Alyahya M.S.:
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Alramtha, Jordan
Alzoubi K.H.:
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Al-Zyoud W.:
Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
Amani R.:
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Ameyaw E.K.:
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Amin T.T.:
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Amindarolzarbi A.:
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Amiri S.:
Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Amu H.:
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Amugsi D.A.:
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Ancuceanu R.:
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Anderlini D.:
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Andrei C.L.:
Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Andrews E.A.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Anoushiravani A.:
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Antony C.M.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Anuoluwa B.S.:
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Arabloo J.:
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Arafa E.A.:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Aravkin A.Y.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Ardekani A.:
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Ariffin H.:
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Arumugam A.:
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Asghari-Jafarabadi M.:
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Ashbaugh C.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Atorkey P.:
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Awotidebe A.W.:
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Ayatollahi H.:
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Azadnajafabad S.:
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bagheri N.:
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Balcha W.F.:
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Barchitta M.:
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Bärnighausen T.W.:
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Barqawi H.J.:
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Bastan M.-M.:
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Basu S.:
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Bayati M.:
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Behnoush A.H.:
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bemanalizadeh M.:
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bhattacharjee N.V.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Bisignano C.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Bodolica V.:
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Bodunrin A.O.:
Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Hashemi M.B.:
Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Borhany H.:
Internal Medicine Department of SBMU, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Bosoka S.A.:
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Boyko E.J.:
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Brauer M.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Bryazka D.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Burkart K.:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Burns R.A.:
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Bustanji Y.:
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
dos Santos F.L.C.:
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
All Open Access; Green Open Access
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