First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
Por:
Akiyama K., Alberdi A., Alef W., Algaba J.C., Anantua R., Asada K., Azulay R., Bach U., Baczko A.-K., Ball D., Balokovic M., Bandyopadhyay B., Barrett J., Bauböck M., Benson B.A., Bintley D., Blackburn L., Blundell R., Bouman K.L., Bower G.C., Boyce H., Bremer M., Brinkerink C.D., Brissenden R., Britzen S., Broderick A.E., Broguiere D., Bronzwaer T., Bustamante S., Byun D.-Y., Carlstrom J.E., Ceccobello C., Chael A., Chan C.-K., Chang D.O., Chatterjee K., Chatterjee S., Chen M.-T., Chen Y., Cheng X., Cho I., Christian P., Conroy N.S., Conway J.E., Cordes J.M., Crawford T.M., Crew G.B., Cruz-Osorio A., Cui Y., Dahale R., Davelaar J., De Laurentis M., Deane R., Dempsey J., Desvignes G., Dexter J., Dhruv V., Dihingia I.K., Doeleman S.S., Dougall S., Dzib S.A., Eatough R.P., Emami R., Falcke H., Farah J., Fish V.L., Fomalont E., Ford H.A., Foschi M., Fraga-Encinas R., Freeman W.T., Friberg P., Fromm C.M., Fuentes A., Galison P., Gammie C.F., García R., Gentaz O., Georgiev B., Goddi C., Gold R., Gómez-Ruiz A.I., Gómez J.L., Gu M., Gurwell M., Hada K., Haggard D., Haworth K., Hecht M.H., Hesper R., Heumann D., Ho L.C., Ho P., Honma M., Huang C.-W.L., Huang L., Hughes D.H., Ikeda S., Violette Impellizzeri C.M., Inoue M., Issaoun S., James D.J., Jannuzi B.T., Janssen M., Jeter B., Jiang W., Jiménez-Rosales A., Johnson M.D., Jorstad S., Joshi A.V., Jung T., Karami M., Karuppusamy R., Kawashima T., Keating G.K., Kettenis M., Kim D.-J., Kim J.-Y., Kim J., Kino M., Koay J.Y., Kocherlakota P., Kofuji Y., Koch P.M., Koyama S., Kramer C., Kramer J.A., Kramer M., Krichbaum T.P., Kuo C.-Y., Bella N.L., Lauer T.R., Lee D., Lee S.-S., Leung P.K., Levis A., Li Z., Lico R., Lindahl G., Lindqvist M., Lisakov M., Liu J., Liu K., Liuzzo E., Lo W.-P., Lobanov A.P., Loinard L., Lonsdale C.J., Lowitz A.E., Lu R.-S., MacDonald N.R., Mao J., Marchili N., Markoff S., Marrone D.P., Marscher A.P., Martí-Vidal I., Matsushita S., Matthews L.D., Medeiros L., Menten K.M., Michalik D., Mizuno I., Mizuno Y., Moran J.M., Moriyama K., Moscibrodzka M., Mulaudzi W., Müller C., Müller H., Mus A., Musoke G., Myserlis I., Nadolski A., Nagai H., Nagar N.M., Nakamura M., Narayanan G., Natarajan I., Nathanail A., Fuentes S.N., Neilsen J., Neri R., Ni C., Noutsos A., Nowak M.A., Oh J., Okino H., Olivares H., Ortiz-León G.N., Oyama T., Özel F., Palumbo D.C.M., Paraschos G.F., Park J., Parsons H., Patel N., Pen U.-L., Pesce D.W., Piétu V., Plambeck R., PopStefanija A., Porth O., Pötzl F.M., Prather B., Preciado-López J.A., Psaltis D., Pu H.-Y., Ramakrishnan V., Rao R., Rawlings M.G., Raymond A.W., Rezzolla L., Ricarte A., Ripperda B., Roelofs F., Rogers A., Romero-Canizales C., Ros E., Roshanineshat A., Rottmann H., Roy A.L., Ruiz I., Ruszczyk C., Rygl K.L.J., Sánchez S., Sánchez-Argüelles D., Sánchez-Portal M., Sasada M., Satapathy K., Savolainen T., Schloerb F.P., Schonfeld J., Schuster K.-F., Shao L., Shen Z., Small D., Sohn B.W., SooHoo J., Salas L.D.S., Souccar K., Stanway J.S., Sun H., Tazaki F., Tetarenko A.J., Tiede P., Tilanus R.P.J., Titus M., Torne P., Toscano T., Traianou E., Trent T., Trippe S., Turk M., van Bemmel I., van Langevelde H.J., van Rossum D.R., Vos J., Wagner J., Ward-Thompson D., Wardle J., Washington J.E., Weintroub J., Wharton R., Wielgus M., Wiik K., Witzel G., Wondrak M.F., Wong G.N., Wu Q., Yadlapalli N., Yamaguchi P., Yfantis A., Yoon D., Young A., Young K., Younsi Z., Yu W., Yuan F., Yuan Y.-F., Zensus J.A., Zhang S., Zhao G.-Y., Zhao S.-S., Najafi-Ziyazi M.
Publicada:
1 ene 2024
Resumen:
In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%-28%, peaking at ~40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ˜ 46° ± 12° rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150°. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow. © 2024 American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Filiaciones:
Akiyama K.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Alberdi A.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
Alef W.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Algaba J.C.:
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Anantua R.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, 78249, TX, United States
Asada K.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Azulay R.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Dr. Moliner 50, , Valéncia, Burjassot, E-46100, Spain
Observatori Astronómic, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, , Valéncia, Paterna, E-46980, Spain
Bach U.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Baczko A.-K.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, SE-43992, Sweden
Ball D.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Balokovic M.:
Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, 06511, CT, United States
Bandyopadhyay B.:
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
Barrett J.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Bauböck M.:
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Benson B.A.:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, 60510, IL, United States
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Bintley D.:
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Blackburn L.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Blundell R.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Bouman K.L.:
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, 91125, CA, United States
Bower G.C.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, 96822, HI, United States
Boyce H.:
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montréal, H3A 2T8, QC, Canada
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 Rue University, Montréal, H3A 2A7, QC, Canada
Bremer M.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Brinkerink C.D.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Brissenden R.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Britzen S.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Broderick A.E.:
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, N2L 2Y5, ON, Canada
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
Broguiere D.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Bronzwaer T.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Bustamante S.:
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, MA, United States
Byun D.-Y.:
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
Carlstrom J.E.:
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Ceccobello C.:
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, SE-43992, Sweden
Chael A.:
Princeton Gravity Initiative, Princeton University, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, 08544, NJ, United States
Chan C.-K.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Chang D.O.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Chatterjee K.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Chatterjee S.:
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, United States
Chen M.-T.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Chen Y.:
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
Cheng X.:
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
Cho I.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
Christian P.:
Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, 06824, CT, United States
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Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Conway J.E.:
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, SE-43992, Sweden
Cordes J.M.:
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, United States
Crawford T.M.:
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Crew G.B.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Cruz-Osorio A.:
Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
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Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, China
Dahale R.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
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Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10010, NY, United States
De Laurentis M.:
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
Dipartimento di Fisica 'E. Pancini', Universitá di Napoli 'Federico II', Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, Napoli, I-80126, Italy
INFN, Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, Napoli, I-80126, Italy
Deane R.:
Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
Dempsey J.:
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, Dwingeloo, 7991 PD, Netherlands
Desvignes G.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, Meudon, F-92195, France
Dexter J.:
Jila and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, CO, United States
Dhruv V.:
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Dihingia I.K.:
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, China
Doeleman S.S.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Dougall S.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Dzib S.A.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Eatough R.P.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
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Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Goleta, 93117-5575, CA, United States
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-9530, CA, United States
Fish V.L.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Fomalont E.:
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, 22903, VA, United States
Ford H.A.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Foschi M.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Freeman W.T.:
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02142, MA, United States
Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, 02142, MA, United States
Friberg P.:
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Fromm C.M.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, Würzburg, D-97074, Germany
Fuentes A.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
Galison P.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Gammie C.F.:
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
NCSA, University of Illinois, 1205 W. Clark Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
García R.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Gentaz O.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Georgiev B.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Goddi C.:
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7 (CA), Monserrato, I-09042, Italy
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INFN, sezione di Cagliari, CA, Monserrato, I-09042, Italy
Gold R.:
CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
Gómez-Ruiz A.I.:
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, Puebla Pue., 72000, Mexico
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad de México, 03940, Mexico
Gómez J.L.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
Gu M.:
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China
Gurwell M.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Hada K.:
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate, Oshu, 023-0861, Japan
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Haggard D.:
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montréal, H3A 2T8, QC, Canada
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 Rue University, Montréal, H3A 2A7, QC, Canada
Haworth K.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Hecht M.H.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Hesper R.:
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, Groningen, 9747 AD, Netherlands
Heumann D.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Ho L.C.:
Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Ho P.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Honma M.:
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate, Oshu, 023-0861, Japan
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
Huang C.-W.L.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Huang L.:
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China
Hughes D.H.:
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, Puebla Pue., 72000, Mexico
Ikeda S.:
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
Violette Impellizzeri C.M.:
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, 22903, VA, United States
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, Leiden, 9513 RA, Netherlands
Inoue M.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Issaoun S.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
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ASTRAVEO LLC, P.O. Box 1668, Gloucester, 01931, MA, United States
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Jannuzi B.T.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Janssen M.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Jeter B.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Jiang W.:
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Jiménez-Rosales A.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Johnson M.D.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Jorstad S.:
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, 02215, MA, United States
Joshi A.V.:
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Jung T.:
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
Karami M.:
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, N2L 2Y5, ON, Canada
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
Karuppusamy R.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Kawashima T.:
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, , Chiba, Kashiwa, 277-8582, Japan
Keating G.K.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Kettenis M.:
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, Dwingeloo, 7991 PD, Netherlands
Kim D.-J.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Kim J.-Y.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
Kim J.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
Kino M.:
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
Koay J.Y.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Kocherlakota P.:
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
Kofuji Y.:
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate, Oshu, 023-0861, Japan
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
Koch P.M.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Koyama S.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-chom, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
Kramer C.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d'Hères, F-38406, France
Kramer J.A.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Kramer M.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Krichbaum T.P.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Kuo C.-Y.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City, 80424, Taiwan
Bella N.L.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Lauer T.R.:
National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85719, AZ, United States
Lee D.:
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Lee S.-S.:
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
Leung P.K.:
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Shatin, Hong Kong
Levis A.:
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, 91125, CA, United States
Li Z.:
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
Lico R.:
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andaluciá, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomiá s/n, Granada, E-18008, Spain
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, I-40129, Italy
Lindahl G.:
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Lindqvist M.:
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, SE-43992, Sweden
Lisakov M.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Liu J.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Liu K.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Liuzzo E.:
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, I-40129, Italy
Lo W.-P.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Lobanov A.P.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Loinard L.:
Instituto de Radioastronomia y Astrofisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Morelia, 58089, Mexico
Lonsdale C.J.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Lowitz A.E.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Lu R.-S.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
MacDonald N.R.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Mao J.:
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650011, China
Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650011, China
Marchili N.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, I-40129, Italy
Markoff S.:
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Netherlands
Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Netherlands
Marrone D.P.:
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Marscher A.P.:
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, 02215, MA, United States
Martí-Vidal I.:
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Dr. Moliner 50, , Valéncia, Burjassot, E-46100, Spain
Observatori Astronómic, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, , Valéncia, Paterna, E-46980, Spain
Matsushita S.:
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Matthews L.D.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Medeiros L.:
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, 08544, NJ, United States
Menten K.M.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Michalik D.:
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, 2201 AZ, Netherlands
Mizuno I.:
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, 96720, HI, United States
Mizuno Y.:
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, China
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
Moran J.M.:
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
Moriyama K.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, 01886, MA, United States
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Iwate, Oshu, 023-0861, Japan
Moscibrodzka M.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Mulaudzi W.:
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Netherlands
Müller C.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Müller H.:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
Mus A.:
Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Dr. Moliner 50, , Valéncia, Burjassot, E-46100, Spain
Observatori Astronómic, Universitat de Valéncia, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, , Valéncia, Paterna, E-46980, Spain
Musoke G.:
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Netherlands
Myserlis I.:
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, Granada, E-18012, Spain
Nadolski A.:
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, IL, United States
Nagai H.:
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, , Tokyo, Mitaka, 181-8588, Japan
Nagar N.M.:
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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