Accumulation of Pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and Resistance Genes in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater for Zero to 100 Years in Central Mexico
Por:
Dalkmann P., Broszat M., Siebe C., Willaschek E., Sakinc T., Huebner J., Amelung W., Grohmann E., Siemens J.
Publicada:
25 sep 2012
Resumen:
Irrigation with wastewater releases pharmaceuticals, pathogenic bacteria, and resistance genes, but little is known about the accumulation of these contaminants in the environment when wastewater is applied for decades. We sampled a chronosequence of soils that were variously irrigated with wastewater from zero up to 100 years in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, and investigated the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, bezafibrate, naproxen, diclofenac, as well as the occurrence of Enterococcus spp., and sul and qnr resistance genes. Total concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine increased with irrigation duration reaching 95% of their upper limit of 1.4 mu g/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.3 mu g/kg (sulfamethoxazole), and 5.4 mu g/kg (carbamazepine) in soils irrigated for 19-28 years. Accumulation was soil-type-specific, with largest accumulation rates in Leptosols and no time-trend in Vertisols. Ac
Filiaciones:
Dalkmann P.:
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Broszat M.:
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty for Biology, Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Siebe C.:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico
Willaschek E.:
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Sakinc T.:
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Huebner J.:
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Amelung W.:
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Grohmann E.:
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Siemens J.:
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Gold
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